A Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

A Farewell to Arms Essay Many novels use contrast images of the land or surroundings to sum to the central meaning of the work. In Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms the foil images of Italy and Switzerland help shape the theme of the book which is the ruthlessness of war and what it does to people. The descriptions of the dickens countries, Italy and Switzerland, are greatly different and represent two types of empowers. On one hand, Italy is a site of cruelty and death. Here is where all of the war and fighting takes place throughout the novel. The front and plains in Italy are described to be where all the death and disaster happen to the armies and the volunteers. Henry and the separate men even were maimed with not even being in battle. They were just eating some cheese and drinking some wine when they were bombed. Here many of the people helpless hope and moral because of the death surrounding them. Rinaldi even told Henry that this war is killing me, I am very depres sed by it. A major even told Henry It has been bad. You couldnt believe how bad its been. Ive often thought you (Henry) were lucky to be hit when you were. This shows how death and the war change everyone making them dejected and downhearted. It got so bad Henry even decided to escape from the Italian army and leave the front to escape to Switzerland. On the other hand, Switzerland is a place of peace and hope because no fighting took place here. Switzerland was neutral during the war so it was a perfect place to escape the cruelty of war. In this land of mountains is where the Priests homeland was. The Priest symbolized morals and goodness, so that is why its a wonderful place for people to detect hope and confidence of survival. This is a good reason why Catherine and Henry decided to start their new life in the comfort of Switzerland. They knew there that them and the cross would be safe from the disasters related to the war. These contrast descriptions of the two countries a nd their landforms form one of the themes of the novel. The descriptions of the plains and the front in Italy demonstrate how cruel a war can be and how it affects all the people around it.

Essay --

As the crowd begins their chants and anthems, the teams take their places upon the pitch. The ground is shaking underneath you and smoking flares are lighting up close to the stadium. Welcome to the world of football. soccer has become a management of life for many and an escape from reality. It is the plot for any class and will steal your join with the art that comes with it. Soccer isnt just a sport, it is a religion many follow, but most importantly it brings masses around the world together. We squall this, the Beautiful Game. If this claims to be the most fashionable sport around the world, why is soccer not considered a big sport and why has it never caught on in the States? Finally, we have reached the age to play sports, but what sport would be the best? Many kids turn to baseball and football because these are Americas past time sport, but there is always a select few that choose soccer. Why, because their parents force them to play. Soccer, in a parents point of view , is seen as a safe exercise sport, you can make friends and most important, get outside. At such a young age, kids have never been the best at following directions, which leads to chaos on the field. Kids swarm around the ball wishing for the chance to kick the ball a couple of times. In all truth, Kids dont wrick up wanting to watch tag on TV, or be a professional tag player, and thats really how most kids who play it view soccer. Its fun, its alfresco and it involves running around, but thats about it (Emen). Besides the fact of parents forcing soccer down the kids throat, they get the image that soccer will forever be a disorganised sport, which in all truth can be at some points. The main reason for this is because in America, we were never taught how to play s... ...y with rocks as the goals and a chain reactor of socks as the ball. Soccer will make your heart break when your team drops into relegation and make you be in ecstasy when your nation wins the World Cup. Soccer is a game where it would take time to learn and accept the game. There are many rules to understand and heartbreaks to endure. But if we looked at the game as a whole, we would understand that the game is truly like all others. Its a game that binds people together and brings peace to parts of the world. For many it is a way of life, and people go to their church, temple or mosque every Saturday or Sunday and even during the week. If Americans gave this game a chance, it would possibly become the most popular game in every nation. But until then, Soccer will need to take time to catch on. Only then can the world most popular sport truly become the Beautiful Game.

Snow Falling On Cedars Essay -- essays research papers

Racism is the notion that ones own heathenish stock is superior to that of someone elses. Most all racism is as result of ignorance. Racism can range from a simple comment to collide with another human being feel inferior, to complex actions that make others feel unwelcome in society because of who they are. The theme of racism can be seen throughout literature. In the murder mystery novel, Snow Falling on Cedars, by David Guterson, many examples of wartime racism are evident.The novel is set on San Piedro Island off the edge of Washington in the year 1954. It is a place of five thousand damp souls (5). Kabuo Miyamoto, a member of the islands Japanese-American confederacy, is on tryout for the murder of Carl Heine, a oath fisherman. Heines boat was found drifting one morning, with his body entangled in a net. While the death initially appeared accidental, bits of circumstantial evidence that seemed to implicate Kabuo Miyamoto accumulated. Etta Heine, Carls mother, un just now ly cheated Kabuos family out of some land during the war while the Miyamotos were incarcerated in a "relocation camp" in California. This provided motive for the apparent murder. Also, Carls traumatic head wound appeared suggestive of a Japanese kendo blow. Furthermore, Carl Heines blood type was found on a wooden gaff on Kabuo Miyamotos boat. As the trial proceeded, the bill of Carl, Kabuo, and what happened that night gradually evolved, as did the tale of Ishmael Chambers, the local newspaper reporter. Ishmael had a love affair with Kabuos wife when they were both adolescents, just before the Japanese families were sent away in 1942. It was clear, however, that this was more than just a story of one mans guilt or innocence it is a story of a communitys fear and prejudice against the Japanese-Americans in the midst of a war. In fact, Guterson blush tells the reader that Japanese people who were not American citizens were not even allowed to own property. We gotta take thi s All this hug Theres a war on and thats the way it is Any old country stuff we have to take (196). Many of the things that the Japanese people were subjected to during the war were as result of ignorance.Ignorance seems to be the clue to almost all of the occurrences of racism in the novel. During Kabuos trial, he chose to keep quiet instead of sticking up for himself because in his religion, ... ...veryone who lives in it. At the end of the book, Hatsue tells Ishmael that she does not love him, compared to her husband, whom she met and married in the course of a few short months. The reader is left wondering at this point if Hatsue is really being truthful or if she is merely locution that to honor her mothers wishes to marry a boy of her own kind. Mrs. Shigemura believed that white men carry in their hearts a mystery lust for pure young Japanese girls (84). This effectively shows the stereotype the Japanese had of white people. However, there is one key difference, and that i s throughout the novel, no matter how they are treated, the Japanese people are always respectful towards everybody.In the novel, Snow Falling on Cedars, by David Guterson, the exotic sensuality of a Japanese woman, and the frustration of a white man in being prohibited from partaking of her by both his and her societies, are clearly illustrated. The story of a struggle against racism, and an imprisoned tillage whose only crime was their face is retold. Yet in the end, one is left to contemplate, Why do people who have lived together in a community for years suddenly turn against one another?

Fashion Branding Essay -- Social Identity, Clothes

Fashion BrandingClothing is primarily a means of communicating, not ain identity, but social identity as, said by Noesjirwan and Crawford (1982) who defines clothing as a code (McCracken and Roth 1989) or symbolic representation. Clothing has been spoken by numerous theoriest in the past and they refer clothing as a code, a language, which allows a message to be created and (selectively) understood (Hollander, 1978 Holman, 1980 McCracken and Roth, 1989). Compliance towards a brand like a shot showcases the social strata of the individual or the social group they belong to. If Im wearing a white T-shirt and sneakers, that label Armani will fill in the remnant of the information about me. I want to give out the right impression, says a customer in a London shop selecting her one-tenth pair of Armani jeans (Financial Times, 1995). This statement by an individual showcases the importance of brand. Today if we talk in any industry branding is playing a vital role. outside(a) brand development or entry technique is employed by creation of brand that is recognized as a social brand. Consumers perception today, among the youthfulness youth as said by Belk et al., (1981) is consumption-based stereotypes, which means creating a perception about a persons wealth by what they own and not knowing the person. It could be termed as unanimous judgements about the person without actually knowing the person. This paper will look into the academic literature available in consumption mannikin in fashion brands and would further elaborate in the entry techniques in developing or emerging nation. This paper would also highlight the importance of mental synthesis brand equity and maintenance of the same. In a put shell this paper would deal with the relations... ...in focus of these brand managers is the short-term financial gain quite than long-term customer relation and profitability. Branding, unlike brand, is a clearly defined and established research area, still it l acks in conceptualisation similarities (Blumenthal, 2004 Bridson and Evans, 2004). de Chernatony and DallOlmo (1998) say the available branding literature has been failed in developing the boundaries and brand construct that would allow for methodological, epistemological, semantical and formal sets of criteria. de Chernatony and DallOlmo (1998) through their research study proposed a model which lays the foundation for brand theory, thusly support in defining construct and boundaries of brand. In order to set boundaries of the construct of brand twelve themes were proposed by them which, in the branding literature, were categorized as vital propositions.

Economic Freedom Vs. Interdependence :: essays research papers

Economic freedom cannot be fully instated as long as interdependenceexists. The reasoning for this is that interdependence directly makeeconomic freedom. The basic idea in these two terms is options.Economic freedom bases having unlimited and unrestricted options, whileinterdependence equals limited options. It is hopeless for these twoideas to completely coexist to the entirety of their definitions. Thegovernment is forever creating and amending rules, regulations, andlaws, which constitutes in limiting economic choices and options.Economic freedom is the aspect of choice. It is a belief that tout ensembleows from each one individual to fully choose exactly how they use their money whilehaving unlimited options when making economic decisions, with theadvantage of unbounded possibilities. If there were unlimited options,it would mean that anything that is desired should be able to becomereality. With the absence of restrictions, having unlimited optionsallows individuals to act independently with their decisions.Interdependence, relating to the consumer, is practically the oppositeof economic freedom. Interdependence means limited options and addedrestrictions. With interdependence, the choices the consumer makes andthe options he has are dependent on the decisions made by others. Theycould be other consumers, entrepreneurs, or the government. Laws,taxes, and the role of Alan Greenspan are also part of this idea.Interdependence means that all the consumers economic decisions are outof his control because they depend on the decisions of others. Based onthis definition, interdependence and economic freedom are opposingconcepts.The concepts are connatural in that they are both economic terms thatentail a system of making decisions based on the consumer. Both alsodeal with the concept of options. However, that is also exactly howthey are different. It is like two sides of a coin, one is for options,and one is against them. Economic freedom is all about unlim itedoptions therefore, it could not possibly coexist with a governing thatrelies on limiting options. Achieving complete economic freedom dependson interdependence and what limits are being set. It is possible thatboth concepts could coexist in a watered down state, like a compromise.There may be a variety of choices in one area for the consumer, simply notin another area. It is also possible that complete economic freedomdoes not exist. In the American economy, the government is the mainsource of interdependence, entirely without the government, Americas economywould be shattered.

Economic Freedom Vs. Interdependence :: essays research papers

Economic freedom cannot be fully instated as long as interdependenceexists. The reasoning for this is that interdependence directly effecteconomic freedom. The basic idea in these two terms is options.Economic freedom fee-tails having unlimited and unrestricted options, whileinterdependence equals limited options. It is unattainable for these twoideas to completely coexist to the entirety of their definitions. Thegovernment is forever creating and amending rules, regulations, andlaws, which constitutes in limiting economic choices and options.Economic freedom is the aspect of choice. It is a imagination that solelyows severally individual to fully choose exactly how they use their money whilehaving unlimited options when making economic decisions, with theadvantage of unbounded possibilities. If there were unlimited options,it would mean that anything that is desired should be able to becomereality. With the absence of restrictions, having unlimited optionsallows individuals to act independently with their decisions.Interdependence, relating to the consumer, is practically the oppositeof economic freedom. Interdependence means limited options and addedrestrictions. With interdependence, the choices the consumer makes andthe options he has are dependent on the decisions made by others. Theycould be other consumers, entrepreneurs, or the government. Laws,taxes, and the role of Alan Greenspan are also part of this idea.Interdependence means that all the consumers economic decisions are outof his control because they depend on the decisions of others. Based onthis definition, interdependence and economic freedom are opposingconcepts.The concepts are kindred in that they are both economic terms thatentail a system of making decisions based on the consumer. Both alsodeal with the concept of options. However, that is also exactly howthey are different. It is like two sides of a coin, one is for options,and one is against them. Economic freedom is all about unli mitedoptions therefore, it could not possibly coexist with a governing thatrelies on limiting options. Achieving complete economic freedom dependson interdependence and what limits are being set. It is possible thatboth concepts could coexist in a watered down state, like a compromise.There may be a variety of choices in one area for the consumer, unless notin another area. It is also possible that complete economic freedomdoes not exist. In the American economy, the government is the mainsource of interdependence, exactly without the government, Americas economywould be shattered.

Viktor Frankl

No matter which campground a prisoner was sent to, he was received to encounter brutal experiences and shameful indignities under the watchful eye of the Nazis and their appointed camp pass out-of-doorers. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary efines indignity l. a. An act that offends against a persons dignity or self-respect Insult. hurt treatment. (Indignity, 2014). This definition doesnt seem to do justice when examining the cruel treatment of those imprisoned at Hitlers death camps. In Frankls book, he tells of many indignities that were stripped away from them.He and his confederate prisoner lacked food, clothing, hygiene, and medical care. These indignities are cruel, unless Frankl suggests that it was stripping of deeper indignities that could result in a man loss of will to survive. Prisoners were oblige to ive up their identities and become a number, give up on their goals and accept a lite of pain and causeing, and suffer mental agony at the insults bestowed upon them by leaders of the camp. Most importantly, prisoners were strained to Just give up hope.A New Destiny Frankl describes arriving at his first camp, departing the train, and rest in a line before a Senior SS officer. He watched as the officer directed prisoners to either the left or respectable human face of him, using his forefinger. He had no idea what this meant at the time, but later on in the evening he learned that this was the process in which prisoners ere selected for work or for death. The men that were ushered to the right(a) were the ones the SS officer deemed fit for work. Those that were sent to the left, were destined for the squander chamber, as they were seen as too old or sick for work.Later on, the prisoners to the right were hale to fully undress and drop everything they owned to the floor. Their bodies were s askd completely and they were issued a number. This number voided out any past life they had. It simply wiped their past away and in its place was left a number. Another indignity that was bestowed upon he prisoners was be squeeze to give up their goals and face the terrifying thought that they no eternal had anything to live for. Frankl writes, Woe to him who saw no more sense in his life, no aim, no train, and therefore no point in carrying on. (pg. 5). Frankl suggests that once a man had lost all reason to live, he rarely survived much(prenominal) longer. Finally, an indignity described by Frankl as one of the worst things that he had to endure, was being coerce to slanten to insults towards him given by the camp leaders. He explains how painful it was to have to inclineen toa man Judge his life ven though he didnt know anything or so him. The prisoners were forced to work and be treated like animals, while to a fault being insulted to their core. They had already lost their identities, goals, and now they were forced to lose their own self-worth.According to Deprees list As men entered Hitlers death camps, they left be hind their identities in commute for a number. Life as they knew it would never be the same. According to Deprees list of the eighter from Decatur essential rights for workers (pg. 36), these men were stripped of many of these rights, which in some cases, helped lead to their demise. By taking away the risoners identity, goals, and self-worth, they were left without any of the eight rights listed by Depree. Their right to be needed was disregarded since they no longer held a purpose towards a goal.They, of course, had no right to be involved since their input could cause them death. Their right to affect their own destiny was overturned when they stepped off of the train and was forced to go to the left or right. It wasnt up to them, at that very moment, whether they lived or died. They had no right to understand what was happening, since they were not considered a part of an organized workforce, but rather slaves. They had zero right to appeal and doing so would certainly bring c lose death.My list of indignities imposed on the prisoners of the Holocaust correlates well with Deprees list of rights for workers. plot of ground my list holds some of the basic indignities such as little food and water, forced labor, the inability to bathe or brush their teeth, it also holds some of the deeper indignities, in which Frankl describes as sometimes worse than the physical beatings that they endured Deprees Assumptions In order for Depree to comprise his list of eight essential rights for workers, he had to hold some assumptions about our society.Viktor FranklNo matter which camp a prisoner was sent to, he was sure to encounter brutal experiences and shameful indignities under the watchful eye of the Nazis and their appointed camp leaders. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary efines indignity l. a. An act that offends against a persons dignity or self-respect Insult. Humiliating treatment. (Indignity, 2014). This definition doesnt seem to do justice when examining the crue l treatment of those imprisoned at Hitlers death camps. In Frankls book, he tells of many indignities that were stripped away from them.He and his fellow prisoner lacked food, clothing, hygiene, and medical care. These indignities are cruel, but Frankl suggests that it was stripping of deeper indignities that could result in a man loss of will to survive. Prisoners were forced to ive up their identities and become a number, give up on their goals and accept a lite of pain and suffering, and suffer mental agony at the insults bestowed upon them by leaders of the camp. Most importantly, prisoners were forced to Just give up hope.A New Destiny Frankl describes arriving at his first camp, departing the train, and standing in a line before a Senior SS officer. He watched as the officer directed prisoners to either the left or right side of him, using his forefinger. He had no idea what this meant at the time, but later in the evening he learned that this was the process in which prisoner s ere selected for work or for death. The men that were ushered to the right were the ones the SS officer deemed fit for work. Those that were sent to the left, were destined for the gas chamber, as they were seen as too old or sick for work.Later on, the prisoners to the right were forced to fully undress and drop everything they owned to the floor. Their bodies were shaved completely and they were issued a number. This number voided out any past life they had. It simply wiped their past away and in its place was left a number. Another indignity that was bestowed upon he prisoners was being forced to give up their goals and face the terrifying thought that they no longer had anything to live for. Frankl writes, Woe to him who saw no more sense in his life, no aim, no purpose, and therefore no point in carrying on. (pg. 5). Frankl suggests that once a man had lost all reason to live, he rarely survived much longer. Finally, an indignity described by Frankl as one of the worst thing s that he had to endure, was being forced to listen to insults towards him given by the camp leaders. He explains how painful it was to have to listen toa man Judge his life ven though he didnt know anything about him. The prisoners were forced to work and be treated like animals, while also being insulted to their core. They had already lost their identities, goals, and now they were forced to lose their own self-worth.According to Deprees list As men entered Hitlers death camps, they left behind their identities in exchange for a number. Life as they knew it would never be the same. According to Deprees list of the eight essential rights for workers (pg. 36), these men were stripped of many of these rights, which in some cases, helped lead to their demise. By taking away the risoners identity, goals, and self-worth, they were left without any of the eight rights listed by Depree. Their right to be needed was disregarded since they no longer held a purpose towards a goal.They, of c ourse, had no right to be involved since their input could cause them death. Their right to affect their own destiny was overturned when they stepped off of the train and was forced to go to the left or right. It wasnt up to them, at that very moment, whether they lived or died. They had no right to understand what was happening, since they were not considered a part of an organized workforce, but rather slaves. They had zero right to appeal and doing so would certainly bring about death.My list of indignities imposed on the prisoners of the Holocaust correlates well with Deprees list of rights for workers. While my list holds some of the basic indignities such as little food and water, forced labor, the inability to bathe or brush their teeth, it also holds some of the deeper indignities, in which Frankl describes as sometimes worse than the physical beatings that they endured Deprees Assumptions In order for Depree to comprise his list of eight essential rights for workers, he had to hold some assumptions about our society.

Linux Security Technologies Essay

In a world so largely dependent on computing machine transcriptions, inadequate security measures could lead to anything from having a single persons financial in mastermindation compromised to an electronic 9/11 against some of our countrys most safe federal computer lucres. In the modern computer based society we live in, security is essential to protecting everything from personal desktops all the way up to the most secure federal databases. And many corporate and government level computers are based on the Linux kernel.SELinux has 3 states it can be in if on a system Enabled, Disabled, and Permissive. Enforcing means SELinux security policy is active, Disabled means SELinux security policy is not active, and Permissive is a diagnostic state commonly used for troubleshooting. To rectify understand what improvements Mandatory entryway Control (MAC) can provide for security, one films to know about the standard Linux security provision called Discretionary Access Control (DAC ). DAC, though it is steady a form of security, only provides minimal protection to a Linux bear down system.With DAC, access to files merely requires needed permissions from the owner of the file to access (commonly referred to as file permissions), often requiring a password to open. A radical weakness of DAC is not being able to fundamentally differentiate amongst human exploiters and computer programs. And with so many systems often having such large numbers of users, it only takes hackers accessing a single users account to draw access to any and all of the files they have permissions for. If the compromised user account were to have super-user ( touch ontle) access, the hacker could then gain access to an entire file system.This became the basis for access up with a more secure way of protecting wrongful access into standard Linux based systems. SELinux utilizing MAC, on the other hand, was created to address this very weakness that DAC has as the standard Linux secur ity. The way MAC helps improve overall security of SELinux is by providing what is called granular permissions for every subject (user, program, process) and object (file, device). In other words, by MAC, you only grant any subject the specific object or objects required to perform a specific function, and no more.Compared to DAC, security is more part and has more layers of protection. Hence, SELinux provides a much more secure environment than the original Linux security features alone can. Another feature providing further security for a network is TCP Wrappers. TCP Wrappers work by controlling access through the utilization of IP addresses. In Linux, this is accomplished through 2 specific files that need to be created. The first file, hosts. deny, is a file listing name of hosts that are to be denied access to the network.The second file, hosts. allow is a file listing the names of hosts that are allowed access to the same network. The absence of theses 2 files, would allow the entire Internet access to network services, severely lowering the security of a host. This lowers a system being compromised through a sort of gate guard with an access list policy. If your name appears on the list, you gain access if its not, you fagt. Creating an artificial root directory is yet another way to provide security for Linux systems, and is commonly referred to as a chroot jail.This prevents accessing or modifying, possibly maliciously, any file exterior the directory hierarchy. The command required to create a chroot jail is /usr/sbin/chroot. Note, you must be working as root inside the Linux shell to do this. By creating a chroot jail, it prevents users from navigating up the hierarchy as high as possibly / (root). Even if the user did not have permissions required to edit higher directories, they may still be able to see files they dont have any reason to have any access to.Chroot can be useful for providing basic preventative security by making it more diffic ult to exploit information on a server. But, by limiting user access in this way, if a user account were ever hacked, it still provides yet another layer of security by limiting the amount of access each user account has to begin with. It is important to understand that you must run a program in chroot jail as a user other than root (/). This is because root can break out of jail, making the chroot jail not provide the security it is intended to against unwanted access.Setting up iptables is another form of network security in Linux. They allow for setting up a firewall on the network. Iptables allow for network packet filtering rules. The use of iptables function allows rules to be set up that can reject inbound packets opening new connections and accept inbound packets that are responses to locally initiated connections. This basic feature therefore acts as a firewall to the system, preventing unwanted outside attempts to hack into a host network.In conclusion, with the technologi cal direction of our future apparent, security technologies will be a continuing publicise that will never stop making further advances. After all, the financial, physical, and ideological future of our country, and people as a whole, cannot afford to do otherwise. As our children, and childrens children, begin to take the reins of this electronically motivated world, computer security technologies will lodge to be an important issue as long as we continue as a society. References * http//www. omnisecu. om/gnu-linux/redhat-certified-engineer-rhce/what-is-security-enhanced-linux-selinux. htm * http//fedoraproject. org/wiki/SELinux_FAQ * http//www. nsa. gov/research/_files/selinux/papers/x/img3. shtml * http//docs. redhat. com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/4/html/SELinux_Guide/selg-preface-0011. html * http//docs. fedoraproject. org/en-US/Fedora/13/html/SELinux_FAQ/ * http//www. bu. edu/tech/security/firewalls/host/tcpwrappers_macosx/ * http//www. serverschool. com/dedicated-s ervers/what-is-a-chroot-jail/ * http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chroot

Respiratory System Mechanics Essay

1.) When you forcefully exhale your entire expiratory reserve volume, any air remaining in your lungs is called the residual volume (RV). wherefore is it impossible to progress exhale the RV (that is, where is this air volume trapped, and why is it trapped?)This dead space of air needs to stay in your lungs constantly otherwise the lung allow completely deflate. If the lung has every bit of air sucked out of it, it will collapse and need to be re-inflated.2.) How do you measure a persons RV in a laboratory?By the air remaining in the lung3.) Draw a spirogram that depicts a persons volumes and capacities before and during a evidential cough.Additional Questions for Activity 1.The following questions refer to Activity 1 Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacitates1.) What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV clitoris Stimulates? forced expiration2.) What plusal skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity? abdominal-wall muscles and the internal intercostal muscles contract3.) What was the FEV1 (%) at the initial radius of 5.00 mm?73.9%4.) What occured to the FEV1 (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How well did the results compare with your prediction?FEV1 (%) decreased proportionally with the radius5.) Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, or else than a restrictive, pulmonary problem.The FEV1 (%) decreased proportionally as the radius decreased, characteristic of an obstructive pulmonary problemActivity 2 comparative degree SpriometryChart 2 Spirometery ResultsPatient TypeTV (ml)ERV(ml)IRV(ml)RV (ml)FVC (ml)TLC(ml)FEV1(ml)FEV1 (%)Normal50015003000 railway yard50006000400080%Emphysema5007502000275032506000162550%Acute asthma attack glide slope3007502700225037506000150040%Plus inhaler50015002800120048006000384080%Moderate exercise1875112520001000ND6000NDNDHeavy exercise36507506001000ND6000NDND1.) Why is residual volume (RV) above pattern in a patient with em physema?The lungs empty slower than normal.2.) Why did the asthmatic patients inhaler medication fail to return all volumes and capacities to normal value right away?The smooth muscle in the bronchioles didnt return to normal plus mucus still blocks the airway.3.) Looking at the spirograms generated in this activity, state an easy way to determine whether a persons exercising effort is moderate or heavy.The more rapid the lines the more heavier the exercise.Additional Questions for Activity 2.The following questions refer to Activity 2 Comparative Spirometry1.) What lung values changed (From those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema was selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction?ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV, and FEV1 (%) all changed these are referable to the loss of elastic recoil2.) Which of these two parameters changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1? FEV1 decreas ed significantly more3.) What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an penetrating asthma fall upon was selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction?TV, ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV1, and FEV1 (%) all changed due to restriction of the airways4.) How is having an acute asthma attack similar to having emphysema? How is it different?Similar because obstructive diseases characterized by increased airway resistance Different because more difficult to exhale with emphysema that with asthma5.) Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient. Did all the spirogram values return to normal? Why do you debate some values did not return all the way to normal? How well did the results compare with your prediction?Returned to normal were TV, ERV, FEV1 (%) smooth muscles in the bronchioles didnt return to normal ghastly mucus still blocks the airway 6.) How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required to be con arrayred significantly improved by the medication? 10-15% emolument7.) With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal alert, the ERV or the IRV? How well did the results compare with your prediction?IRV changed more with moderate activity8.) Compare the breathing rates during normal breathing, moderate exercise,and heavy exercise. TV increased over normal breathing with both moderate and heavy exercise.Activity 3. Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on RespirationChart 3 Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration SurfactantIntrapleural pressure left(p) (atm)Intrapleural pressure right (atm)Airflow left(ml.min)Airflow right(ml/min)Total Airflow(ml/min)0-4-449.6949.6999.382-4-469.5669.56139.134-4-489.4489.44178.880-4-449.6449.6499.3800.00-40.0049.6449.6900.00-40.0049.6949.690-4-449.6949.6999.381.) Why is normal quiet breathing so difficult for premature infants?They dont have much surfactant.2.) Why does a pneumothorax frequently lad to atelectasis?If the lungs are broken down mechanically, thusly the chances of developing increased.Additional Questions for Activity 3The following questions refer to Activity 3 Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration1.) What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow? How well did the results compare with your prediction?AIrflow increases because resistance is reduced2.) Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner?It decreases surface tension in the alveoli making it easier for the alveoli to increase surface area for gas exchange.3.) What effect did opening the valve on the left lung? Why does this happen?The lung collapses because the pressure in the pleural cavity was less than the intrapulmonary pressure air flows from the lungs, causing it to collapse4.) What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you observe when you closed the v alve? How well did the results compare with your prediction?It caused the lung to collapse because the pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the intrapulmonary pressure. Air flows from the lungs causing the collapse of the lung.5.) What emergency medical condition does opening the left valve simulate?A collapsed lung (pneumothorax) is a buildup of air in the space in the midst of the lung and the chest wall (pleural space). As the amount of air in this space increases, the pressure against the lung causes the lung to collapse6.) In the last part of the activity, you clicked the Reset button to sire the air out of the intrapleural space and return the lung to its normal resting condition. What emergency procedure would be used to achieve this result if these were the lungs in a living person?A chest by insertion of tube to draw air out of pleural cavity and restore the pressure gradient7.) What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were in a sing le whopping cavity rather than separate cavities?If both lung were in a single large cavity rather than separate cavity when valve was open the entire lung will collapse and there will be no extra lung to breath with and decease would occur much sooner.

Huntsville Project

Karen Brown PROJ586 Huntsville Project November Term Week Three Question 1 Estimated completion Time of Project According to the requirements that we become set for this project we will non be able to complete it by the expected date of November 2013. With the core of resources that we quest to complete the project our new projected end date is January 30, 2014. There are a few options that we can take to let down the total of time needed to complete this project by the proposed date of November 2013. Proposed Changes to ScheduleWe can expedite the project by reducing the amount of time we have slated for almost of our larger working classs. By recalculating and essentially shortening the register we can decrease our project by 10%. A change in the estimated duration of any activity on that path will cause a corresponding change in the slack for that path. (Gido and Clements 167). Currently we have several tasks that we can reduce time * Recruiting & Training Managers 6 w eeks (CP) * Creating Building Design 6 weeks (CP) * Building twirl 40 weeks (CP) Procuring Equipment 24 weeks * Procuring Truck Fleet 8 weeks (CP) Of the five tasks identified, quaternity of these tasks are along our captious path and attribute to 60 weeks or a little more than a year. If we were able to reduce tasks along the critical path by 30% it would provide us an extra 18 weeks or four-and-a-half months to complete the inscription. According to our current schedule we are exceeding our schedule by two-and-a-half months. I am proposing that we reduce all of the aforementi unrivalledd items by a total of 0% will save us two-and-a-half months on our schedule and should provide adequate time to complete the project in the specified time. Proposed Weekly Allotments * Recruiting & Training Managers 5 weeks (CP) * Creating Building Design 5 weeks (CP) * Building Construction 36 weeks (CP) * Procuring Equipment 21 weeks * Procuring Truck Fleet 7 weeks (CP) Reallocating imagerys In order to reduce the amount of time we have for each project, we will also need to change how we presently have our resources allocated.The largest impacts we potentially face are hiring additional cater increase our costs and scope. In order to complete the building locution in 36 weeks, we will need to hire additional construction workers through our general contractor. The other tasks will require looking at the task leads and reallocating their percentage of responsibility and possibly moving someone to from task to another to complete on time. Question 2 After reviewing the Allocated Resources Reported we are currently over allocated in the beginning phases of the project.The Facility Specialist is has about 110% of responsibilities in the first week of the project. There are a couple of options that we have available to combat this problem. Reassigning Tasks This can be resolved by having the Project solicitude in a more active role selecting an architect. By increasing the Project Managers workload to 10% it allows for us to reduce the Facility Specialist load to 50%, leaving him at 100% for the first couple of weeks of the project. Resource Leveling Another approach that we can take to rectify our over allocation is to level the project.Leveling the projects that are over allocated will result in one project being placed on hold until another project is complete (Gido and Clements 234). The task that is over allocated, selecting an architect, has no successors so it will not promptly affect any of the other tasks in the Work Breakdown Structure. Resource-Limited Scheduling This option will allow for us to create a new replace schedule that equally matches our staffing capacities. Instead of spending two weeks to look for an architect we can shorten that timeframe to one week. That additional week will allow for staff to spend time on their other assignments.All of these tasks have a positive slack, meaning they have some time to be completed be cause they are not along critical paths, and should not change the date in which the project will be completed. Of the three options that are available, Resource Leveling will be the most efficient to achieving our goals an d having the right amount of expertise involved in the project. References Gido, J. & Clements, P. (2011). Successful Project Management, Fifth Edition. South-Western College Pub. , 2011. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Fourth Edition. Pennsylvania Project Management Institute, 2008

Bussines Communication

BUSINNESS COMMUNICATION Business parley it is the communication between the people in the organisation for the purpose of carrying out the note activities. It is a process of ex turn of facts, ideas, opinions and as a means that individual or organization share means and understanding with one anformer(a). In other words, it is a transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes. Communication adds meaning to human life. It serve ups to build relationship and fosters love and understanding. It is two sheaths of communication formal and inner.FORMAL COMMUNICATIONS- instance of formal communication are board meetings , letters. They are formal methods because when we using them we have to use specific formats and follow rules INFORMAL COMMUNICATIONS-example of informal communication are conversations , emails and text messages . Informal communications do not follow any prescribed conventions or formats and often happen spontaneously. I talked c with draw types of communications use by Tesco Tesco plc is a global grocery and general merchandising retail merchant headquartered in Cheshunt, United Kingdom.Related reading Tesco Communication With CustomersTesco is the fourth-largest retailer in the world measured by revenues, after Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Metro. The second-largest measured by profits after Wal-Mart. It has stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and northeastern America and is the grocery market leader in the UK (where it has a market share of around 30%), Malaysia and Thailand. There are few types of communication verbal, written, on- screen, web-based, multimedia. VERBAL- human faceTO FACE -Nothing can replace the value of face-to-face communication.Its easier to communicate verbally than any other way because you get to understand every detail that is macrocosm spoken by the other person. In Tesco customers communicate with the staff members they can ask questions if they dont understand the instructions c learly. Effectiveness of meetings When theres an issue that requires a decision, youre able to reach a consensus more pronto. When there are many people in a meeting, theres more energy and opportunities to participate and creatively contribute. Oftentimes theres also a synergy thats achieved which ignites discussion and innovative thinking.You can brainstorm more easily and solve a handful of problems Nonverbal communication Someone who is frequently checking their watch or yawning, would tell you very easily that its time to wrap things up or make an effort to change the quality of your voice to be more engaging (or at least change the subject. ) And the very oppo position is also true if colleagues are smiling, nodding or leaning forward, you know that theyre invested and have their buy-in. There isnt much scene involved. A personal touch. Theres a feeling of community because were better able to socialize and interact with one another.We quickly build a bond that sets the fou ndation for trust and ultimately, lasting tune relationships. WRITTENLEAFLETS-Written communication has great significance in todays business world. Effective written communication is essential for preparing worthy promotional materials for business develop workforcet. Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in correct pasture in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences. Written communication helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for running of an organization.Leaflets- this type of communication in Tesco is that one can get all the information from a Tesco leaflet that he or she needs and can verify sand to it if he or she did not understand the information clearly. And also a good thing because staff can easily give customers written documents that king be more helpful for people who dont understand some staff members English accent and etc. ON- SCREEN AND MULTIMEDIA for example TV- a large number o f people can watch the presentationfor example promotions or if there is any discounts or and new system introduced by the organisation.Multimedia information can be text, graphics, audio, animation, video, data and many more. It is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such(prenominal) as computerised and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. WEB BASED-ADVERS-This communications are a very common thing in the retail industry. Retailers find this way of Selling or Advertising a product or even displaying a upcoming product.This is beneficial to Tesco because Tesco dont need to take up storage in there stores the products can be instanter sent form a warehouse and theres much more of a chance of a customer noticing it on a net site than walking past it in a store. NON-ELECTRONIC METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION-Non electronic methods of communication are ways of communicating through non-electronic sources such as letters, reports, memorandums, etc. originally the invention of electricity, Communication was slow and difficult. Some messages took days, weeks and even months to arrive to its destination.It was also not as effective and less people were able to receive these messages at once. There four different non-electronic types of communication verbal, non-verbal, memo and letter. -MEMO an internal form of communication and used for short messages. This is usually not a signed document. -REPORT a common written communication in a business. The task might be given a formal reply depending on what task has been given. promotion MATERIALS this can come in many forms. It is used to attract attention, inform and enhance corporate image. INVOICE this document is to confirm the dilate on goods purchased and details on the payment. ELECTRONIC METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION-electronic methods of communication a re to using the computer to communicate with some one half around the world e. g-electronic fax also facebook chatting with other via the use of the internet or as simple as using your cell phone to communicate with others. Popular form of electronic communication is email, which is a more formal way of sending messages to others. This form of communication is more popular is school, business and even with family.It can range in form from a formal letter to a few quick phrases to just a picture. One of the oldest forms of electronic communication is the telephone. Not a lot of people deliberate the telephone electronic but it still uses electricity to change our voice into electronic signals from one device to another. Electronic methods of communication -TOUCH SCREENS is computer technology which is used by customers to touch certain areas of the screen. -TELEPHONE CALLS it is a method of fast communication through a telephone handset. DVD is the video medium of choice for busines s these day( can be used to show presentations to staff) -FAX it is a method that needs a reproduction machine and telephone line to send pictures and documents. WEBSITE a site that can be found on the world wide web ELECTRONIC AND NON-ELECTRONIC METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF AUDIENCE * Age and attention span about people who are younger can concentrate for less time whereas older or more educated people can focus or listen for a longer period of time.Younger people respond more to videos, images and PowerPoint presentations, whereas older people can read for a long time such as reports etc. * Age, gender and ethnicity To illustrate your explanations, its a good way to interact with the audience by reflecting on their ethnic background, chase and their experiences. Also draws from the experiences of men and women in a positive ways. * Readability It is important to know who your audience are, this is looking at younger or older people.Younger people may favour to have simple language than something that is difficult to understand, but older people may understand the language of technical terms, phrases and jargons. * Interest Most people lose interest so it important to get key points across quickly and explain the topic that is related to the audience. Sometimes to be humorous can help to maintain interest but if no-one laughs at your joke then it will put off the audience, so it is important to know when to be funny. Also to interest your audience you can put up some activity for them to do and this will help them engage with you.

Bank Notes Essay

Linear Probability Models (LPMs) * Econometric sham to explain quittance experience on past/old loans. * Regression model with a dummy dependent variable Z Z = 1 default and Z=0 no default. * Weakness no guarantee that the estimated default probabilities will always lie between 0 and 1 (theoretical flaw) Logit and Probit Models * Developed to overcome impuissance of LPM. * Explicitly restrict the estimated range of default probabilities to lie between 0 and 1. * Logit assumes probability of default to be logistically distributed. Probit assumes probability of default has a cumulative design distribution function. Linear Discriminant Analysis * Derived from statistical technique called multivariate analysis. * Divides borrowers into steep or low default try classes. * Altmans LDM = most famous model developed in the late 1960s. Z < 1. 8 (critical value), there is a high chance of default. * Weaknesses * Only considers two extreme shimmys (default/no default). * Weights need no t be stationary over time. 3. New Credit Risk Evaluation Models Newer models have been developed use fiscal theory and financial market information to make inferences about default probabilities. * Most relevant for evaluating loans to larger corpo tread borrowers. * Area of very active continuing research by FIs. Credit Ratings * Ratings miscellanea relatively infrequently objective of ratings stability. * Only chance when there is reason to believe that a long-term change in the companys beliefworthiness has interpreted place. * S&P AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B and CCC * Moodys Aaa, Aa, A, Baa, Ba, B and Caa Bonds with ratings of BBB and above are considered to be investment grade Estimating default on Probabilities 1. historical Data * Provided by rating agencies e. g. cumulative average default casts * If a company starts with a * Good credit rating, default probabilities tend to amplification with time. * Poor credit rating, default probabilities tend to decrease with tim e. * Default Intensity vs Unconditional Default Probability * Default intensity or hazard rate is the probability of default conditional on no earlier default. * Unconditional default probability is the probability of default as seen at time zero. Default intensities and unconditional default probabilities for a Caa rated company in the third yearSupplement point 14 by monitoring a combination of natural reports, prudential reports and market information. 16. Should intervene to require effective and timely remedial action to address liquidity deficiencies. 17. Should communicate with other regulators e. g. central banks cooperation TOPIC 7 CORE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE BANKING SUPERVISION Overview * Most important global standard for prudential regulation and supervision. * Endorsed by vast majority of countries. * Provides benchmark against which supervisory regimes open fire be assessed. * 1995 Mexican and Barings Crises Lyon Summit in 1996 for G7 Leaders. 1997 Document drafted and endorsed at G7 meeting. Final version presented at annual meetings of World Bank and IMF in Hong Kong. * 1998 G-22 endorsed * 2006 Revision of the upshot Principles * 2011 Basel Committee mandates a major review, issues revised consultative paper. The message Principles (2006) * 25 minimum requirements that need to be met for an effective regulatory system. * May need to be supplemented by other measures. * Seven major groups * Framework for supervisory authority Principle 1 * Licensing and structure Principles 2-5 * Prudential regulations and requirements Principles 6-18 *Methods of ongoing banking supervision Principles 19-21 * Accounting and revelation Principle 22 * Corrective and remedial powers of supervisors Principle 23 * Consolidated and cross-border banking Principles 24-25. * Explicitly recognise * Effective banking supervision is essential for a strong economical environment. * Supervision seeks to ensure banks operate in a safe and sound manner and hold sufficient great and reserves. * Strong and effective supervision is a public unafraid and critical to financial stability. * While cost of supervision is high, the cost of poor supervision is even high. Key objective of banking supervision * exercise stability and confidence in the financial system * Encourage good corporate governance and enhance market transparency Revised Core Principles (2011) * Core Principles and assessment methodology merged into a single document. * Number of core principles increased to 29. * Takes account of several key trends and developments * Need to deal with generalally important banks * Macroprudential counseling (system-wide) and systemic put on the line * Effective crisis management, recovery and resolution measures. Sound corporate governance * Greater public disclosure and transparency enhance market discipline. * 2 broad groups 1. supervisory powers, responsibilities and functions. Focus on effective risk-based supervision, and the nee d for early intervention and timely supervisory actions. Principles 1-13. 2. Prudential regulations and requirements. Cover supervisory expectations of banks, emphasising the importance of good corporate governance and risk management, as well as compliance with supervisory standards. Supervisory powers, responsibilities and functions 1.Clear responsibilities and objectives for each authority involved. Suitable legal framework. 2. Supervisor has operational independence, transparent processes, sound governance and adequate resources, and is accountable. 3. Cooperation and collaboration with domestic authorities and foreign supervisors. 4. Permissible activities of banks is controlled. 5. Assessment of bank ownership structure and governance. 6. major power to review, reject and impose prudential conditions on any changes in ownership or controlling interests. 7. Power to approve or reject major acquisitions. 8. modern assessment of the risk profile of banks and banking groups. 9. U ses appropriate range of techniques and tools to implement supervisory approach. 10. Collects, reviews and analyses prudential reports and statistical returns. 11. Early address of unsafe and unsound practices. 12. Supervises banking group on consolidated basis (including globally) 13. Cross-border sharing of information and cooperation. Prudential regulations and requirements 14. Robust corporate governance policies and processes. 15. Banks have a comprehensive risk management process, including recovery plans. 6. dress out prudent and appropriate not bad(p) adequacy requirements. 17. Banks have an adequate credit risk management process. 18. Banks have adequate policies and processes for the early identification and management of problems assets, and celebrate adequate provisions and reserves. 19. Banks have adequate policies re concentration risk. 20. Banks required to enter into any transactions with related parties on an arms aloofness basis. 21. Banks have adequate policie s re country and transfer risk. 22. Banks have an adequate market risk management process. 23.Banks have adequate systems re interest rate risk in the banking book. 24. Set prudent and appropriate liquidity requirements. 25. Banks have an adequate operational risk management framework. 26. Banks have adequate midland controls to name and maintain a properly controlled operating environment for the conduct of their business. E. g. delegating authority and responsibility, separation of the functions that involve committing the bank. 27. Banks maintain adequate and reliable records, prepare financial statements in accordance with accounting policies etc. 8. Banks regularly publish information on a consolidated and solo basis. 29. Banks have adequate policies and processes e. g. strict guest due diligence. Preconditions for Effective Banking Supervision 1. Provision of sound and sustainable macroeconomic policies. 2. A well established framework for financial stability policy formula tion. 3. A well developed public infrastructure 4. A clear framework for crisis management, recovery and resolution 5. An appropriate level of systemic protection (or public gumshoe net) 6. Effective market discipline 001 IMF and World Bank Study on Countries Compliance with Core Principles * 32 countries are compliant with 10 or a few(prenominal) BCPs * Only 5 countries were assessed as fully compliant with 25 or more of the BCPs. * Developing countries less compliant than advanced economies. * Advanced economies generally cause more robust internal frameworks as defined by the preconditions 2008 IMF Study on BCP Compliance * Based on 136 compliance assessments. * Continued work take on strengthening banking supervision in many jurisdictions, particularly in the area of risk management. More than 40% of countries did not comply with the essential criteria of principles relations with risk management, consolidated supervision and the abuse of financial services. * More than 30% did not possess the necessary operational independence to perform effective supervision nor have adequate ability to use their formal powers to take corrective action. * On average, countries in Western Europe demonstrated a much higher degree of compliance (above 90%) with BCP than their counterparts in other regions. * Africa and Western Hemisphere weak. Generally, high-income countries reflected a higher degree of compliance. TOPIC 8 CAPITAL ADEQUACY Overview * decent capital better able to withstand losses, provide credit through the business cycle and help promote public confidence in banking system. immenseness of big(p) Adequacy * Absorb unanticipated losses and preserve confidence in the FI * treasure uninsured depositors and other stakeholders * Protect FI insurance funds and taxpayers * Protect deposit insurance owners against increases in insurance premiums * To acquire real investments in order to provide financial services e. . equity financing is very important. C apital Adequacy * Capital too low banks may be unable to absorb high level of losses. * Capital too high banks may not be able to make the most efficient use of their resources. Constraint on credit availability. Pre-1988 * Banks regulated using balance sheet measures e. g. ratio of capital to assets. * Variations between countries re definitions, required ratios and enforcement of regulations. * 1980s bank supplement increased, OBS deriveds trading increased. * LDC debt = major problem 1988 Basel Capital Accord (Basel I) * G10 agreed to Basel I Only cover credit risk * Capital / risk-adjusted assets > 8% * Tier 1 capital = shareholders equity and retained earnings * Tier 2 capital = additional internal and external resources e. g. loan loss reserves * Tier 1 capital / risk-adjusted assets > 4% * On-balance-sheet assets assigned to one of four categories * 0% cash and government bonds * 20% claims on OECD banks * 50% residential mortgages * 100% corporate loans, corporate bonds * Off-balance-sheet assets divided into contingent or guarantee contracts and FX/IR forward, futures, option and swap contracts. Two ill-use process (i) derive credit equivalent amounts as product of FV and conversion factor then (ii) multiply amount by risk weight. * OBS market contracts or derivative instruments = potential exposure + current exposure. * Potential exposure credit risk if counterparty defaults in the future. * Current exposure cost of replacing a derivative securities contract at todays prices. 1996 Amendment * Implemented in 1998 * Requires banks to measure and hold capital for market risk. * k is a multiplicative factor elect by regulators (at least 3) VaR is the 99% 10-day value at risk SRC is the specific risk charge Total Capital = 0. 08 x Credit risk RWA + mart risk RWA where market risk RWA = 12. 5 x k x VaR + SRC Basel II (2004) * Implemented in 2007 * Three pillars 1. New minimum capital requirements for credit and operational risk 2. Supervisory re view more thorough and uniform 3. Market discipline more disclosure * Only applied to large global banks in US * Implemented by securities companies as well as banks in EU Pillar 1 Minimum Capital Requirements * Credit risk measurement * Standardised approach (external credit rating based risk weights) * Internal rating based (IRB) Market risk = unchanged * Operational risk * Basic indicator 15% of gross income * Standardised multiplicative factor for income arising from each business line. * Advanced measurement approaches assess 99. 9% worst case loss over one year. * Total capital = 0. 08 x Credit risk RWA + market risk RWA + Operational risk RWA Pillar 2 Supervisory inspection * Importance of effective supervisory review of banks internal assessments of their overall risks. Pillar 3 Market discipline * Increasing transparency public disclosure Basel 2. 5 (Implemented 2011) * Stressed VaR for market risk * Incremental risk charge Ensures products such as bonds and derivatives in the trading book have the same capital requirement that they would if they were in the banking book. * Comprehensive risk measure (re credit default correlations) Basel III (2010) * Considerably increase quality and quantity of banks capital * Macroprudential overlay systemic risk * Allows time for smooth transition to new regime * Core capital only retained earnings and common shares * Reserves increased from 2% to 4. 5% * Capital conservation buffer 2. 5% of RWA * Countercyclical capital buffer * Tracing/monitoring of liquidity funding Introduction of a maximum leverage ratio Capital Definitions and Requirements * Common equity > 4. 5% of RWA * Tier 1 > 6% of RWA * Phased implementation of capital levels reach to Jan 1, 2015 * Phased implementation of capital definition stretching to Jan 1, 2018 Microprudential Features * Greater focus on common equity * Loss-absorbing during stress/crisis period capital conservation buffer * Promoting integrated management of market and counterparty credit risk. * fluidity standard introduced introduced Jan 1, 2015 Introduced Jan 1, 2018 Available Stable Funding FactorsRequired Stable Funding Factors Macroprudential Factors * Countercyclical buffer * Acts as a brake in good times of high credit growth and a decompressor to restrict credit during downturns. * Within a range of 0-2. 5% * Left to the discretion of national regulators * Dividends restricted when capital is on a lower floor required level * Phased in between Jan 1, 2016 Jan 1, 2019 * Leverage Ratio * Target 3% * Ratio of Tier 1 capital to total exposure > 3% * Introduced on Jan 1, 2018 after a transition period * SIFIs * Required to hold additional loss absorbency capital, ranging from 1-2. 5% in common equity

Discrimination during World War II Essay

In the early 1930s, war was forming in Europe. Totalitarian dictators were strongly influencing their countries, and those around them. The most prominent dictators consisted of Benito Mussolini of Italy, Josef Stalin of Russia, and Adolf Hitler of Germany. The get together States didnt want to get sucked into another war that wasnt their problem, so they proclaimed neutrality with the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937, and later 1939. On December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, hello was attacked by Japan, and a few days later, the United States entered World war II. The United States had to make a national effort to provide for the Allies without delay fighting in Europe.Despite the national effort to do better for the country, inconsistency towards certain racial groups existed. Patriotism is the love of and devotion to ones country, and patriotism was definitely prominent plot entering the war, because the United States was defending itself and rebelling against the communism with in the world. The statement dictum that discrimination continued during World War II scorn the groups of American patriots is true. The discrimination can be noted within the history of the Mexican-Americans, the African-Americans, and the Japanese-Americans.Despite patriotic efforts during the war, Mexican-Americans were victims of discrimination. Americans had to conserve the products that they regularly apply, so the products could be shipped to those fighting in Europe. American economy greatly improved, and the war seemed to pull the United States out of the depression. Because of the national draft that plucked men and women from their homes and into the military, there werent overflowing workers to produce all of the materials that were greatly needed for those fighting.So the Bracero Program was created, which brought Mexican workers to America to work. Such sudden rubbing of the races did spark riots and cause tension, much(prenominal) as the 1943 attack on some Mexica n-American navy men in Los Angeles. The Mexicans were mostly used for agricultural jobs on the farm, gathering products to be shipped. They were respected enough to be relied upon to handle certain jobs. The Bracero Program was a patriotic effort to help out the country, further it showed minimal respect for those foreigners assisting America and its economy. The discrimination the braceros went through makes the statement true.African-Americans were largely discriminated against during World War II, despite the attitude of patriotism in the United States. As more and more jobs were opening, a migration occurred from the hobnailed areas to the cities. Over 1.6 million blacks left the South for better places, but explosive tensions developed over black housing, employment, and segregation facilities. African-Americans have always been discriminated against throughout history, as demonstrated through things like sla very, segregation, and the Jim Crow laws. Despite patriotic effort in the United States during the war, the negative attitude towards African-Americans still existed. A. Philip Randolph, leader of the Brotherhood of dormancy Car Porters, threatened a Negro March to Washington in 1941 to get better rights and treatment.The president also established the Fair Employment Practices deputation to discourage racism and oppression in the workplace, and while Blacks in the army still suffered degrading discrimination, such as separate blood banks, they still used the war as a rallying cry against dictators abroad and racism at home. In 1943 the Detroit race riot killed 25 blacks and 9 whites. All of these things were examples of how African-Americans suffered while there was a large amount of patriotism occurring in the United States. The Blacks came to the cities to help out and be patriotic in their efforts towards the war. They even fought in the war, but were often given non-combat, and non-respectable occupations. They were segregated into units of t heir own race as well. Despite their patriotic efforts, they were strongly discriminated against, making the statement true.Japanese-Americans were largely discriminated against during World War II, despite the attitude of patriotism in the United States. After the attack at Pearl Harbor, millions of infuriated Americans instantly changed their views away from isolationism. National unity and patriotism were very strong as the few Hitler supporters in America faded away. Most of Americas ethnic groups assimilated even faster due to the war, since in the decades sooner the war, few immigrants had been allowed into America. Japanese-Americans became a target for discrimination in the United States because Japans attacks.On the Pacific coast, 110,000 Japanese-Americans were taken from their homes and herded into relocation camps, where their properties andfreedoms were taken away from them. The 1944 suit of Korematsu vs. U.S. affirmed the constitutionality of this act. It took more t han forty years later before the U.S. admitted fault and began to make $20,000 reparations to camp survivors. The relocation camps were an extreme example of the discrimination that existed during this patriotic snip period. The Japanese-Americans were definitely victims of discrimination despite the patriotic time period during World War II, so the statement is true.Many ethnic groups were discriminated against during the war because many countries were not acting in our favor. The United States citizens provided extreme examples of discrimination during the time period on many people, despite the existence of patriotism within the country. The statement saying that discrimination continued during World War II despite the groups of American patriots is true. The discrimination can be noted within the history of the Mexican-Americans, the African-Americans, and the Japanese-Americans.

How to Be a Good Headhunter

As psychiatrist, I earn my living by finding and evaluating job vistas for the benefit of my clients. by and by much than 5 years experiences in this job, now I understand what a genuine headhunter is and how to be. A good headhunter should be building a business based on reputation, relationships and send and on making a contribution to our professional community. You ar in less of a rush, are more leave behinding to take time to establish long term relationships, and seek to establish your credibility as much as to earn a buck.In order to be a good headhunter, you should have four features companionshipable, trustworthy, conscientious and effective. Knowledge As a good headhunter, you should address lots of knowledge and in doing so give candidates enough information to help them make a decision some whether they want to pursue the job (or recommend someone else). You should ask HR tons of valuable information about the company, about the job, the manager and his team , about why the job is open, and about the technology (if applicable), then share to candidates.You also should be able to tell candidates about the interview itself how the manager evaluates candidates, how his team will be involved and how the selection process will play out. Most important, the good headhunter will be able to coach candidate in a way that will maximize candidates chances of winning an offer. uprightness As a trustworthy headhunter, you should be proud of your business and glad to talk about it, more over, you will demonstrate that you have good clients who respect you, and that you know the ins and outs of the industry you recruit in.Your success depends on clients and candidates trust, which means you should also reveal your trustworthiness by keeping your promises. You do call client or candidate when you promise to call you do shortlist to client when you promise to. Conscientiousness As a good headhunter, you should try to locate and separate out the best qu alified talent for your client company.You should never dear ask for candidates resume without doing research by taking the time to ask candidates the tough, detailed questions that will reveal whether candidate fit the company, the manager, the job and the technology or not. Then write some objectively comments on their resume and shortlist to client. Effectiveness As a good headhunter, you should find the right candidate and fill the job in the shortest time. Thats your business. To accomplish this, you will gain the respect of the client and candidate.And talking to just anyone isnt your job. Searching out the right candidates and talk with them, that will save your time and make your job efficient. It is limpid that a good headhunter should know client, position and candidate well, and try your best to right somebody to fill the right position. Meanwhile, you should also give the market information to HR and career suggestion to candidate. If you ever so do your job like that , success is not far away from you.

How to Write a Reflective Essay Essay

This type of try on is aimed to reflect a personal effect or experience of the undertake cause. The main condition is that it has to be a authorized personal experience on which the author has his precise own learning. This experience or even is revealed in the attempt in order to demonstrate its importance for understanding social relations and the essence of people. It whitethorn be said that a musing essay possess the traits of a philosophical analysis of diametric experiences we face in our everyday life. This type of essay reveals the creativity of the students and their ability to change banal perception to a unique one, to their own unique perception of social issues.Writing a brooding essayIn order to produce an excellent reflective essay it is vital to remember that the reflective is to guide a personal character and to relate to certain philosophic categories. This implies a wide range of manageable understanding of the topic of the essay. One of the widesprea d topics for a reflective essay is What is love? in which the author shares his own reflective of this term through the prism of his experience and the common attitude to this social phenomenon. The volume of the questions in such essays are rhetoricReflective essay structureReflective essay do not wee-wee a certain structure because cannot be written according to a standard essay scheme. This is due to the fact that the thesis statements and the conclusions of reflective essays are a lot blurry. Here is a apparent scheme of a reflective essay* The aim of the opening paragraph is to get the indorser refer in the authors story including interesting details, personal experiences. The style must be very vivid and therefore to appeal to the reader as if it was a tete-a-tete conversation on the substance of life or love. * The middle part reveals a good variety of the authors ideas on the topic. * The concluding sentences summarize the main ideas and experiences of the essay. The author throw offs a reflective of his general perception of the given topic.Reflective essays topics and ideas.Reflective essays can be written on many distinct topics which base on the formula of a personal event or experience of the essay author. Delicate approach to the choice of a topic or keen understanding of the one topic is the key element of good essay writing. If you hesitate either on choosing the essay topic or the idea for Reflective essay satisfy feel free to contact us and we gladly help you any time you need assistance.What is a reflective essay?Think of the word reflection. It means to look back upon a concomitant and present your purposes. It is all about your perspective, post-experience. Whether you are writing a reflective essay about an event in your life, or you are reflecting on a poem that you were assigned to read for your high indoctrinate english class, reflective essay writing is all about composing your thoughts on the subject. It is different th an an informative essay, for which you may research a topic, or have to come up with ways to support your conclusions. Instead, reflective essay writing is unique to the individual. There is really no wrong answer. In fact, this is the kind of essay in which your teacher wants you to explore your creative thoughts and really think outside of the box.What is the format for writing a reflective essay?If you are writing a reflective essay as a inform assignment, your teacher may have provided specific guidelines as to how it should be constructed. Before you get started writing, it is important to make sure you read over any information your teacher has provided about the assignment. In general, reflective essay writing should follow the typical format of introduction, body, and conclusion. It is important to keep up the technical aspects of your writing when constructing a reflective essay because it is so easy to ramble and get off topic. The introduction should give the reader an i dea of what your essay is about as well as hint at the conclusion.Brainstorming and prewritingThis is a very important step that often goes overlooked when writing a reflective essay. Because of the nature of the assignment, it is often not very hard to gather thoughts and begin writing. However, one of the biggest mistakes that writers often make is feeling self-assured about an assignment and therefore skipping the prewriting and brainstorming process. Prewriting is not just designed to help you come up with things to write about- it is also plays a very important part in providing structure and framework so that your great thoughts are well connected. Choosing a great prewriting activity depends on your personal style as writer. Some prefer bubble maps to connect thoughts, while others enjoy creating an entire first draft and discharge back in to edit. Whatever your style, prewriting for a reflective essay should be all about finding structure and creating a backbone for your a ssignment.Some questions to considerIf you are having trouble reflecting on a specific event or literary work, here are some questions that will be helpful in getting you going. Remember, do not be afraid to be bold and have confidence in your thoughts. 1. How did this make me feel? What emotions were evoked? (happy, sad, scared, excited) 2. What did this remind me of? Something in my past? Another story Ive read? 3. How was it different from what I thought it would be? Did I have any ideas going into it? Did it live up to my expectations? 4. How could it have gone differently?

Film Analysis of The Lady Eve Essay

The bird Eve is a film, which tells the honor bol hotshoty of unlikely couple who tackle each opposite in one of their trip on a Luxury Liner. The i purloin was released way back 1941 in the United States, directed by a multi-talented theatre director Preston Sturges and was written by a great dramatist Monckton Hoffe. In general, the lady eve is a amorous buffoonery film, filled with different twists and turns, on which gives a picture of an extra ordinary bicycle love fib of two individuals living in a totally different world. With the depicted differences in the storyline, the plot of the image is emphatically interesting and exciting.(Star Pulse) Although, the picture show bird Eve, by Preston Sturges, did not achieve major success to granary mental picture awards and honorable recognition in film festival, apart from the nomination for Academy Awards Best paper and Original Story. The film still receives a bunch of positive feedback from credible movie critic i n different generation, on which the director, artists and the rest of the people responsible for the movie had received positive recognition from the viewers of al closely any generation for the film The Lady Eve. (Star Pulse)In the year 1994, the movie Lady Eve was acknowledged as socially, aesthetically and historically significant by the United States National pack Registry, on which the movie was selected for preservation by the Library of Congress for its social and moral importance. Nevertheless, the Lady Eve film was a wonderful work of art, that gives a fair picture of ro partce and comedy love tale, which mirrors a true to life situation of love and journey. (Star Pulse) Talented actors and actresses, on the former(a) hand, had been icy on the outcome of the movie.The cast of the movie is set with bunch of talented, effective, actors and actresses. Reputable actress, Barbara Stanwyck had played the lead office staff as denim Harrington and a multi-talented film and st age actor Henry Fonda portrayed the leading man role as Charles Pike. In the movie, Barbara Stanwyck and and Charles Pike had played great music, on which they complement each other with their role and make the movie more appealing and exciting to watch. Nonetheless, the movie Lady Eve is one of the most vagaryous film way back the World War II era, on which a survivor of ever changing taste of the movie critics and audiences.(Star Pulse) Moreover, the Lady Eve is a thematic crush and comedy film. It tells the tale of two strangers with different outlook in life, bind together of their fate when they meet at a Luxury Shipping Line in one of their travels. Jean Harrington is a con artist who lives with her father Colonel Harrington, on which she falls in love with a guy she met on her travel. Charles Pike, on the other hand, is a rich and decent man a philologist, who stayed in Amazon for a coherent period of time for his study on snakes.The movie takes place in a place, when Je an Harrington is on a travel with her father heading back to New York, sharing the same luxury ship with the unsophisticated guy Charles Pike, who is on his travel back to the United States after his long stay in Amazon for his studies. In the ships dinning, Jean Harrington had saw Charles who is at that time reading a book, entitled Are Snakes Necessary. This scene is really funny, as Jean showed up her attraction to Charles Pike, when she trips Charles on purpose to drive his attention.This scene had been the start of the amativeism and comedy, on which Jean and Charles had fall to each other. In the story, snakes had been the sexual symbol that is the start of romance scenes between the two lead characters. Truthfully in love as they ar, Jean and Charles, had several misunderstanding and broke up with each other. The movie is filled with romance and comedy scenes where it depicts the journey of Jean and Charles as a lover that later on succeeds in avocation of their love. No netheless, this movie is totally a thematic romance and comedy film that tells the difficulties and happiness of an extra ordinary love story.In the end, Jean Harrington and Charles Pike had survived the challenges of love, despite the many differences that threatens their relationship, they managed to surpass and live with each other in-love. After all, the movie has a great opening and ended as one of the bright romantic comedy love tale, the movie industry had. It can be argued that comedy is the true theme of the movie Lady Eve. The movie is amazingly funny, on which almost every scenes is a depiction of comedy acts that is definitely satisfying it brings me to laughter.No doubt, the Lady Eve is a product of humorous idea that depicts funniest twists and turns in its story. Definitely, most of the scenes in the movie contribute to prognosticate properly the theme of the movie. One of those scenes is the opening scenario, on which Jean trips Charles on purpose when she broke her heel to attract the attention of Charles. It possibly funny, due to the fact that Barbara Stanwyck, had glowering to be an effective comedy actress in her role in the movie. Another one is the scenes where snake dress as the sexual metaphor.It is many to mention specifically what scene, however, parts in the movie definitely contributes to address the true theme of the movie. The elements of the movie, on the other hand which are divided into five, are effectively machine-accessible with each other to complete the theme. The narrative of the movie is chronological, on which the setting and plot of the film is accord to the present time when it was produced. The movie depicts, the same era of the forties and is produced according on the order of time, during the 1940s in the United States.Artists performance on the other hand showcases a superb passage of a role that is realistic and effectively funny. Major actors and actresses, mostly Barbara Stanwyck and Henry Fonda had b een real with their portrayal of their role, on which they have been effective to be funny mostly in critical scenes in the movie. Nonetheless, the casts of the movie acts accordingly with the progress of the movie. Also, cinematography plays a pivotal role in the whole essence of the movie. It is the define factor of certain scene, on which proper lighting and leave camera angle adds more perception on the scene.In the movie Lady Eve, the cinematography is amazingly brilliant that supported the emotional standard pressure of every scene in the film. One of my personal choices of cinematography in the movie is the scenes which involves Charles and his snakes. The camera angles are perfect I admire the detailed angle of the snakes, and the lighting definitely sets the mood of that specific scene. With the survey of redaction, the editors had their job well done, as they apply appropriate transition of every scene that depicts on the movie. apiece scene is well expressive, with the help of correct transition of every camera shots, from one angle to another. Nevertheless, the editing of the movie was wonderful, I admire the way the editors used fade in, fade out technique for the appropriate transition of each scene, which particularly interesting of the whole editing of the movie. In the art direction and see are perfect, as the directors and the rest of the crew had used proper locations, effects, props, costumes and make up in the movie.The locations of every scene are perfect, which make every scenario organized with the actual time. Effects, props and costumes, on the other hand, are effective to make the scenes realistic and effective to imply proper emotions. All the funny and comedy scenes in the movie, however, are the definition of the style and strategy of the director, on which these scenes are definitely filled with humorous mind of director Preston Sturges. I personally like this movie, because of two main reasons.First is humor, I persona lly like the film on its humorous scripts which every funny scene are depictions of superb humor that brings me to laughter. Secondly, I personally like the movie because of its profound portrayal of comedy, on which every scene is a depiction of humor that at any moment funny thoughts will pop out in the script. After all, the movie Lady Eve is film filled with clear scripts and funniest scenes, which is definitely one of the finest movie in forties. Works Cited Star Pulse (2008),The Lady Eve Review Retrieved May 8, 2008 from http//www. starpulse. com/movie/The_Lady_Eve/V28051/0/5/

Bruce Lee Speech

EARLY LIFE Bruce was born in San Franciscos Chinatown. * His father was a famous opera singer and look at actor and 1941 they moved back to china which was then assiduous by the Japanese. * The Hong Kong neighborhood leeward grew up in became over-crowded, dangerous, and full of gang rivalries it was a tough domicile to grow up. Gangs ruled the city streets and Lee was often forced to fight them. Bruces street fighting began to come to the fore * Eventually, Lees father decided for him to leave Hong Kong to pursue a safer and healthier avenue in the United States advanced Life in America While in the United Lee abandoned thoughts of a film career in favor of pursuing military liberal arts but a martial arts exhibition on Long beach led to the invitation for the role of Kato in the Green Hornet and many new(prenominal) movies including the big Boss which was a big success and catapulted him to stardom. Followed by Fist of Fury and Way of the flying lizard where he was given com plete control of the films production as the writer, director, star, and choreographer of the fight videos. * In 1964 Lee had met Karate star Chuck Norris. * In the movie Way of the Dragon He introduced Norris as his opponent in the terminal finale fight.Today considered one of Lees most legendary fight scenes and one of the most memorable fight scenes in martial arts film history Essentially bruce lee became obsessed with martial arts and fitness FITNESS AND NUTRITION * HIs interpretation of keeping in shape was constant daily work tabus. His workout consisted of three categories martial arts sparring, weight training, and extensive AB training. * The workout first consists of hours upon hours of martial arts sparring. Secondly, a series of heavy weight training of his main muscles. Finally, is his extensive workout towards his ABs. Bruce Lees favorite muscle was his ABs and whenever he had time, such as watching TV, he would do sit-ups or crunches. Bruce Lee had what most pe ople called splashboard ABs and was not afraid to show it, you can see this in almost every fight scene he had in his films. * PHYSICAL FEATS Lee could land a punch in around cinque hundredths of a second (0. 05 second) from 3 feet away * Lee could snatch a dime off a persons open palm before they could close it, and leave a penny behind * Lee performed one-hand push-ups use only the thumb and index fingerBruce not only took care of his body by working out but as well as having a proper nutrition. Lee took nutrition seriously and his aliment consisted high-protein drinks, vitamins, mineral supplements, green veggies and fruit every day. UNFORTUNATELY HE SUFFERED A SUDDEN DEATH ON DEATH AND LEGACY * On July 20, 1973, just one month before the premiere ofEnter the Dragon, Bruce Lee died in Hong Kong at the age of 32. The official cause of his sudden and unexpected death was a brainiac edema, found in an autopsy to have been caused by a strange reaction to a prescription medicine painkiller he was reportedly taking for a back injury.Controversy surrounded Lees death from the beginning, as some claimed he had been murdered. Summary * Bruce Lee, pound for pound, was arguably the greatest fighter of our time. Twenty-four years after his death, he remains the standard by which all other fighters are measured. His passion, skill, charisma, philosophy, and innovative martial arts concepts brought him worldwide acclaim incredibly, all by the age of 32. In such a petty span, Lee managed to accomplish more than most of us will ever achieve in our lives.

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Profit Essay

The question which stands before is whether the foot Fathers were parlia mentary reformers. It is an excruciating and complicated task to come to a culture upon this inquisition. To unwrap this answer it posterior be readily simplified by taking a look at two contending arguments gear up inscribed in the book Taking Sides Clashing Views in United States narration. In the text lies the puzzle of Howard Zinn and John P. Roche who are great historians bingle(a) writes controversially and radically, and the other writes in conformity to government, and conservatively. The position of Howard Zinn is that the founding fathers were non what they have been illustrated to be. That is that they were non concerned with democracy but were really just concerned in their prosperity, in their property, their currency, and their freedom, but not concerned with the massess liberties. Freedom was a new word at the time, which umpteen knew little of, it was but the elite who had an unde rstanding of this sort of philanthropy. What was not made clear-it was a time when the expression of freedom was new and its reality untested-was the shakiness of eitherones liberty when entrusted to a government of the rich and powerful(Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United States P. 99).John P. Roche dedicates his attention to the giving the founding fathers their veil of liberators and egalitarian reformers, and depicts them as gentlemen of good nature, and of having the highest intrinsic values he portrays them as benevolent wise men, which based the nature on the needs of the people. They were first and fore well-nigh superb republican politiciansthey were committed (perhaps willy-nilly) to working within the classless framework, within a universe of public approval (Wikispaces.com, Taking Sides Issue S in time Were the Founding Fathers elective Reformers, P. 3). Between the two representations of the issue in question, the more persuading argument 10is towards H oward Zinn who viewed the founding fathers to not have been republican reformers. The Founding Fathers were notdemocratic reformers kind of they were an elite group of men who came up with the Constitution to find compromise between the slave holding interest of the south and the money interest of north (Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United States P. 98), their true motives for uniting the thirteen states was to create a wide market for commerce and not to create a democracy.The Founding Fathers always depicted the bulk of men as ignorant and irresponsible. For them to be democratic reformers they would have needed to add literacy and education as necessary for the creation of a democracy in the publications of the Constitution. Instead they persisted to argue that the populous was ignorant, Federalist Paper 63 argued the necessity of a well-constructed Senate as roughtimes necessary as defence to the people against their take in irregular errors and delusions Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United States P. 98) rather than adding that citizenry should be educated and sure so that they would be able to take part in the democratic processes of political and economic policy making, therefore they were not democratic reformers. John P. Roche tends to be overly conservative, to actually make a oblige argument, and Howard Zinn might appear to be radical but he is factual and presents some(prenominal) sides to an argument and does not rely solely on emotions and in his political idealism as does Roche. Howard Zinn assigns the more profound argument.Howard Zinn rather than making statements based on issueism or patriotism brings up pellucid inferences and although it is impossible to give an unbiased approach to the question, Zinn gives the less bias approach of the two. When he presents his reasoning he tends to bring up both sides to an argument, one at to the lowest degree opposed to what he wants to represent and one at least supp ortive of what he is more in favor to represent. As when he mentions Robert E. Br consumes point that the Constitution omitted the give voice life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness from the Declaration of Independence to life, liberty, or property to the Constitution, he presents the acknowledgement that people did have property, but stands to say that it was misleading to make this statement for only 3 percent of the state had enough land to be considered soused (Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United States P. 98). On the other hand John P. Roche presents most of his views by using words such as national interest, public approbation, and always tends to give reason to why some of the things they did that werenot democratic were indeed democratic.Although the drafting and signing of the constitution was held in secrecy, according to Roche, They were practical politicians in a democratic society(Wikispaces.com, Taking Sides Issue Seven Were the Founding Fathers Democra tic Reformers, P. 8). The Founding Fathers did not have it in their interests to be democratic reformers. They had in their interests to create a new nation which would create a reliable order to keep the nations wealth in the hands of a hardly a(prenominal) and to concur their privileges, Charles Beard warned us that government-including the government of the United States-are not neutral, that they represent the dominant economic interests, and their constitutions are mean to serve their interests (Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United States P. 98).The Founding Fathers were afraid of a majority faction and opted for a Republican form of government to keep the country divided so that the man could not come to the same conclusion and unite to fight against the tyranny of the minority, they had to make it possible for the cosmea of minority factions to prevent from a future insurrection. This can be noted in Federalist Paper 10 in which James Madison makes the followin g statement, it will be more difficult for all who find it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each otherThe influence of factious leadership may kindle a flame within their particular States, but will be unable(p) to spread a general conflagration through the other states ( Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United States P. 97). They also had to make the Constitution spelling to the people. It needed to give a few rights and liberties to the citizenry to keep a revolution from arising from the monopolization of wealth that they were creating. It needed a Bill of Rights, The Constitution became even more acceptable to the public at large after the first congress, responding to criticism, passed a series of amendments cognise as the Bill of Rights Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United State, P. 99).They needed soldiers for the revolution they had to appeal to the people, they used the words freedom, liberty and equality to get them to fight. It is has been the history of revolution through the ages that a few educated men can persuade a majority to fight for liberty or for a common goal and after the revolution is over they put into place a government for their own privilege. The United States has not been the exception. They used the same pretexts asthe revolutionaries of anytime to create a society after their own image based on their principles, privileges and their ruling ideas, The ideas of the ruling class are in every time the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling capable force (Marx, Karl, The German Ideology, P. 64). Their ideas were not ideas for the founding of a democracy. Still the mythology around the Founding Fathers persists. To say, as one historian (Bernard Bailyn) has done recently the destruction of privilege and the creation of a political system that demanded its leaders the responsible and humane use of power were their highest a spirations is to ignore what really happened in the America of those these Founding Fathers( Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United States P. 101)Zinn then states that the Founding Fathers wanted to create a counterweight between the forces which were dominant to that time, and not a balance between slaves and masters, property less and property holder, Indians and purity ( Zinn, Howard, A Peoples History of the United States P. 101). His arguments continue to be reinforced by pitch into account many different views from other historians and by presenting documents from that time and by bringing into account the writings of the Founding Fathers themselves. He clearly reinforces the argument that the founding fathers were not democratic reformers. In reading both sides of the argument one can acquire an unbiased approach to the question, yet it is impossible to remain without any sort of bias, to be working class or being wealthy will play in the outcome of any given mens s tance to the question. The level of education that a someone may have acquired will also depend on his view, and also his or her susceptibility to what stands as a norm will also give his reasoning a bias approach. Just as well as a persons idealism being it political, economic or neighborly or even of the combined three will not allow an unbiased standpoint from him/her.Howard Zinn makes the most compelling argument, his answer to the question holds the most validity in the two clashing results, it is brought upon with great historical anecdotes, it is fairly easy to find the historic facts that he represents in his outlook of the issue and it is the more logical of the two. Zinn does not speak with emotions of nationalistic fervor, or political idealism, nor does he stay compelled to the narrowness of a one sided argument, but looks upon both sides. As Brown says about new America,practically everybody was interested in the trade protection of property because so many Americ ans owned property (A Peoples History of the United States P. 98). His response to Robert E. Brown (Charles Beard and the Constitution), who is a critic to Beards approach was, However, this is misleading. True, there were many property owners. But some people had much more than othersJackson Main found that one-third of the population in the Revolutionary period were small farmers, while 3 percent of the population had truly large holdings and could be considered wealthy (A Peoples History of the United States p. 98).The people of the Americas did not fight a revolution for their freedom, not for equality, they fought the revolution of the elite, they won them a political victory, handed them the wealth of the nation. The slaveholders of the South found compromise with the money interest of the North and the Founding Fathers were able to create the great market of commerce they envisioned when they came to the conclusion for independence from Great Britain. The People of America in that time fought a Revolution for the Founding Fathers who were not democratic reformers.