Respiratory System Mechanics Essay

1.) When you forcefully exhale your entire expiratory reserve volume, any air remaining in your lungs is called the residual volume (RV). wherefore is it impossible to progress exhale the RV (that is, where is this air volume trapped, and why is it trapped?)This dead space of air needs to stay in your lungs constantly otherwise the lung allow completely deflate. If the lung has every bit of air sucked out of it, it will collapse and need to be re-inflated.2.) How do you measure a persons RV in a laboratory?By the air remaining in the lung3.) Draw a spirogram that depicts a persons volumes and capacities before and during a evidential cough.Additional Questions for Activity 1.The following questions refer to Activity 1 Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacitates1.) What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV clitoris Stimulates? forced expiration2.) What plusal skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity? abdominal-wall muscles and the internal intercostal muscles contract3.) What was the FEV1 (%) at the initial radius of 5.00 mm?73.9%4.) What occured to the FEV1 (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How well did the results compare with your prediction?FEV1 (%) decreased proportionally with the radius5.) Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, or else than a restrictive, pulmonary problem.The FEV1 (%) decreased proportionally as the radius decreased, characteristic of an obstructive pulmonary problemActivity 2 comparative degree SpriometryChart 2 Spirometery ResultsPatient TypeTV (ml)ERV(ml)IRV(ml)RV (ml)FVC (ml)TLC(ml)FEV1(ml)FEV1 (%)Normal50015003000 railway yard50006000400080%Emphysema5007502000275032506000162550%Acute asthma attack glide slope3007502700225037506000150040%Plus inhaler50015002800120048006000384080%Moderate exercise1875112520001000ND6000NDNDHeavy exercise36507506001000ND6000NDND1.) Why is residual volume (RV) above pattern in a patient with em physema?The lungs empty slower than normal.2.) Why did the asthmatic patients inhaler medication fail to return all volumes and capacities to normal value right away?The smooth muscle in the bronchioles didnt return to normal plus mucus still blocks the airway.3.) Looking at the spirograms generated in this activity, state an easy way to determine whether a persons exercising effort is moderate or heavy.The more rapid the lines the more heavier the exercise.Additional Questions for Activity 2.The following questions refer to Activity 2 Comparative Spirometry1.) What lung values changed (From those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema was selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction?ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV, and FEV1 (%) all changed these are referable to the loss of elastic recoil2.) Which of these two parameters changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1? FEV1 decreas ed significantly more3.) What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an penetrating asthma fall upon was selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction?TV, ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV1, and FEV1 (%) all changed due to restriction of the airways4.) How is having an acute asthma attack similar to having emphysema? How is it different?Similar because obstructive diseases characterized by increased airway resistance Different because more difficult to exhale with emphysema that with asthma5.) Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient. Did all the spirogram values return to normal? Why do you debate some values did not return all the way to normal? How well did the results compare with your prediction?Returned to normal were TV, ERV, FEV1 (%) smooth muscles in the bronchioles didnt return to normal ghastly mucus still blocks the airway 6.) How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required to be con arrayred significantly improved by the medication? 10-15% emolument7.) With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal alert, the ERV or the IRV? How well did the results compare with your prediction?IRV changed more with moderate activity8.) Compare the breathing rates during normal breathing, moderate exercise,and heavy exercise. TV increased over normal breathing with both moderate and heavy exercise.Activity 3. Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on RespirationChart 3 Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration SurfactantIntrapleural pressure left(p) (atm)Intrapleural pressure right (atm)Airflow left(ml.min)Airflow right(ml/min)Total Airflow(ml/min)0-4-449.6949.6999.382-4-469.5669.56139.134-4-489.4489.44178.880-4-449.6449.6499.3800.00-40.0049.6449.6900.00-40.0049.6949.690-4-449.6949.6999.381.) Why is normal quiet breathing so difficult for premature infants?They dont have much surfactant.2.) Why does a pneumothorax frequently lad to atelectasis?If the lungs are broken down mechanically, thusly the chances of developing increased.Additional Questions for Activity 3The following questions refer to Activity 3 Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration1.) What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow? How well did the results compare with your prediction?AIrflow increases because resistance is reduced2.) Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner?It decreases surface tension in the alveoli making it easier for the alveoli to increase surface area for gas exchange.3.) What effect did opening the valve on the left lung? Why does this happen?The lung collapses because the pressure in the pleural cavity was less than the intrapulmonary pressure air flows from the lungs, causing it to collapse4.) What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you observe when you closed the v alve? How well did the results compare with your prediction?It caused the lung to collapse because the pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the intrapulmonary pressure. Air flows from the lungs causing the collapse of the lung.5.) What emergency medical condition does opening the left valve simulate?A collapsed lung (pneumothorax) is a buildup of air in the space in the midst of the lung and the chest wall (pleural space). As the amount of air in this space increases, the pressure against the lung causes the lung to collapse6.) In the last part of the activity, you clicked the Reset button to sire the air out of the intrapleural space and return the lung to its normal resting condition. What emergency procedure would be used to achieve this result if these were the lungs in a living person?A chest by insertion of tube to draw air out of pleural cavity and restore the pressure gradient7.) What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were in a sing le whopping cavity rather than separate cavities?If both lung were in a single large cavity rather than separate cavity when valve was open the entire lung will collapse and there will be no extra lung to breath with and decease would occur much sooner.